On the 29th of March 1516, Venice issued a decree which allowed Jews to settle in the Ghetto. It was the first decree of its kind in Europe. Ghettos arose in European countries that did not expel Jews. In England, Jews had been banned since 1290. In France, they were expelled in two waves: in 1306 and in 1394. In Spain, they were expelled in 1492. Venice made them permanent residents, although not full citizens.
In such a world, where belonging is the ability to form meaningful human bonds, it was hard to belong. That is what I take to be the Jewish question in The Merchant of Venice, which is also true of the human condition afflicting all economic migrants: they are treated as necessary to the economy, but they do not enjoy all the privileges of the citizens, and their status can be modified unilaterally. The Merchant of Venice suggests however that there is something that unites migrants and citizens: it is the godhead of money. In trade-based economies, human relationships are mediated by money, and money transforms all relationships into interested bonds; the tale of King Midas becomes reality: men desire money above all, and that means that every human relation becomes infected by monetary calculations. Jews and Venetians have a bond since Jews can lend money and fund the trade of the city. Trading interests define the identity of the city and of all its citizens, and non-monetary relations are transformed into monetary ones. This paper aims to show that in a world dominated by economic bonds it is impossible to form strong human connections. As a result, it is hard for everyone, not only for Shylock, to fully and genuinely belong to any place. The Jewish question is a particular name for a universal problem that affects us all: the impossibility of fully belonging to any society that prioritizes interested bonds over genuine bonds of love and friendship.
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